Fuji Film Prescale Film: FAQ - answers to the most common questions...
Prescale Film: FAQ - answers to the most common questions...
Here are the answers to the most commonly asked questions about Prescale film.
They are summarized below and can be accessed individually by clicking on each of them:
FAQ Prescale Film: answers to questions pre-purchasing
I would like to know more about the features of the Prescale.
Prescale responds to the applied pressure and produces a red color in the area where it is applied. The depth of the color depends on the amount of pressure
applied. The area where pressure is applied produces a red color that allows for easy and visual confirmation of the range and strength of the applied pressure.
Prescale comes in the form of a thin film. A single sheet (single sheet) or a double sheet (two sheets) is used. It can be easily cut with scissors, allowing for the
measurement of flat surfaces of any shape. return to FAQ list
I would like to know more about the types and forms of Prescale.
There are different Prescale fields classified based on the range of applied pressure being measured. There are two types: the double-sheet type and the single-sheet type.
Additionally, the product is supplied in rolls or sheets. For the sheet type, we have Prescale sheets, with “PS” added at the end (e.g., LLLWPS). There are no Prescale
sheet packs available for the fields 5LW, 4LW, or MW.
return to FAQ list
What is the thickness of the films?
Prescale 4LW - 95 μm ±10 (film A); 85 μm ±15 (film C);
Prescale LLLW - 95 μm ±10 (film A); 90 μm ±15 (film C);
Prescale LLW - 95 μm ±10 (film A); 90 μm ±15 (film C);
Prescale LW - 95 μm ±10 (film A); 90 μm ±15 (film C);
Prescale MW - 85 μm ±10 (film A); 90 μm ±15 (film C);
Prescale MS - 105 μm ±10 (total thickness of the single film);
Prescale HS - 105 μm ±10 (total thickness of the single film);
Prescale HHS - 115 μm ±10 (total thickness of the single film); return to FAQ list
Should precautions be taken when using the products?
Since the films are coated with chemicals, they will not work if they come into contact with solvents such as water or alcohol. Prescale is designed to apply pressure
directly from above, so it will not work with other methods, such as rubbing the film along the surface you want to measure. return to FAQ list
Can the sheets be used repeatedly?
They cannot be used repeatedly. Additionally, the color density may gradually fade, so keep this in mind if you intend to store the sheets for extended periods as color samples. return to FAQ list
I want a selected product suitable for my purposes.
Fuji Film does not provide advisory services regarding which product is appropriate for user use. However, Fuji Film is able to offer product samples that are approximately
the size of business cards. Please contact your local authorized distributor and request a sample. return to FAQ list
Is it possible to try a sample product before purchasing?
We provide product samples that are approximately the size of business cards. Please contact your local authorized distributor and request a sample. return to FAQ list
Is it possible to test the pressure distribution mapping system before purchasing?
A full trial version of all functions of the pressure distribution mapping system can be obtained from the product website or by contacting your local authorized distributor. return to FAQ list
The products are sold by distributors that handle items such as machine tools, chemical products, and measuring instruments. Prices are set at the discretion of the distributor, so please contact the distributor for specific costs. Spare is an authorized distributor. return to FAQ list
What product formats are available?
All Prescale films are available in roll form, some Prescale fields are also available in sheet packaging (5 sheets). return to FAQ list
FAQ Prescale Film: answers to questions about the use of Prescale
I would like to know the usage procedure.
Use scissors to cut out a size that corresponds to the shape of the component you wish to measure. For the double-sheet type, films A and C must be
positioned with the shiny side facing outward and the chemically coated side facing inward. There are no specific requirements for the positioning of films
A and C in relation to the pressure application surface, but they must be in the same position during measurement. If necessary, for the single-sheet type, use the
included 'transparent protective film' on the side with the chemical coating. Apply pressure. return to FAQ list
Which should be placed on top: film A or C? Can I reverse the order?
Decide the insertion direction of the films considering reproducibility and use them accordingly return to FAQ list
Can the sheets be reused?
Sheets in which color has already formed cannot return to their original state. However, you can use other sections where the color has not yet formed. return to FAQ list
Can I change the combination of film A and C?
The products are shipped after confirming accuracy with films A and C as a set. Even if they are the same type of product, changing the combination of films A and C can also alter the measurement results. Use the films packaged together. return to FAQ list
Is it safe to touch the product with bare hands?
The products do not contain substances harmful to the human body. The safety of the chemicals used has been confirmed. return to FAQ list
What are the recommended temperature and humidity for the measurement environment?
Refer to the section on recommended operating temperature and humidity in the user manual. Conditions vary depending on the product. If the products are
used in an environment outside the recommended temperature and humidity, the measurement of absolute pressure values will be less accurate, so they should only be
used to confirm pressure balancing. Additionally, color density is higher when used in high-temperature environments. We were able to use them for 5 seconds in an
environment with a temperature of 180 °C. Color density is lower when used in low-temperature environments. There should be no issues up to 0 °C, but we do not have data
on environments with temperatures below 0 °C. return to FAQ list
Can the products be used in water or oil?
Prescale is coated with chemicals that produce color when pressure is applied. If it comes into direct contact with water or oil, accurate measurements cannot be made.
There have been examples of using the product in water or oil by using a container, such as a plastic bag, to completely seal it, ensuring that the chemically coated
side faces outward so that it does not come into contact with the water or oil. return to FAQ list
Should precautions be taken when taking measurements in high temperature conditions?
Measurements can be taken under high-temperature conditions if performed for a short time (a few seconds), protecting Prescale with a shield such as a heat-resistant
film (e.g., Kapton film). It is also possible to use Prescale if the pressure is applied in a sufficiently short period so that the high temperature does not reach
Prescale. However, consider that some pressure will be absorbed by the heat-resistant film. return to FAQ list
Can measurements be carried out in vacuum?
If the measured object and Prescale are in direct contact and pressure is applied, measurement can be performed (color formation). return to FAQ list
Can it be used in water?
Since the film is coated with chemicals, it cannot be used for measurement if it comes into contact with solvents such as water or alcohol.
Some customers have taken waterproofing measures such as laminating or sealing it in a Ziploc bag for measurement. return to FAQ list
Can the test pressure be applied at an angle of inclination?
Prescale is designed to apply pressure to the film directly from above. Pressure applied diagonally or rubbed from various positions does not yield accurate results. For the same reason, this product is not suitable for measuring friction. return to FAQ list
How should I measure the spray pressure, for example from a spray can?
To measure spray pressure, place the product in a container such as a plastic bag. It is also possible to confirm the pressure distribution by placing a protective sheet over the product. However, consider the pressure absorbed by the protective sheet. return to FAQ list
I'm trying to take a measurement on a curved surface.
Since this product is a film, it is difficult to use it on curved surfaces. Some customers have taken measurements on curved surfaces by cutting the product into long strips or elliptical shapes and attaching them to the surfaces. return to FAQ list
How do I select the curve to reference (A, B or C) on the standard graph?
Refer to the curve with the same name as the area (A, B, etc.) contained in the temperature and humidity condition table section, which is within the limits of the temperature and humidity level at the time and location where the measurement was taken. return to FAQ list
How long does it take for the color to form?
In an environment with a temperature of 23 °C, it takes about 10 minutes to form 95% of the color following the application of pressure (after the color
starts to form). It takes an additional 30 minutes to an hour to reach 98%-100% color formation; thereafter, it falls into the measurement error margin. After that,
the color gradually fades. In addition to always using the same amount of time after applying pressure to take accurate measurements, it is also necessary to maintain a
fixed set of measurement conditions. return to FAQ list
What is the smallest surface area that can be measured?
Prescale uses microcapsules of various sizes distributed on the surface to respond to applied pressure by producing colors of varying density. The combination of
capsule sizes varies depending on the product type, so Fuji Film is unable to provide a single answer. For example, the dedicated analysis system FPD-8010E can analyze
a minimum surface area of 0.125 mm². return to FAQ list
I would like to know the accuracy of the measured pressure (color formation).
In fixed conditions of 23 °C and 65% relative humidity, the accuracy is ±10%. Note that this value is based on the color density, so the actual pressure value may have a slightly larger margin. return to FAQ list
How long must pressure be applied to take a measurement?
Color forms even if pressure is applied for about 1 millisecond. Regarding the maximum pressure application time, there is no limit, as long as the pressure is not
applied intermittently in repeated instances. However, note that the shorter the pressure application time, the lighter the color density will be, and the longer the
pressure is applied, the higher the color density will be. return to FAQ list
I would like to know the conversion formulas for pressure units.
1 MPa ≈ 10,2 kgf/cm²;
1 bar = 0,1 MPa;
1 kgf = 9,80665 N;
1 N = 1 kgfm/s². return to FAQ list
What is Young's modulus?
MD (longitudinal direction): about 3.5 GPa;
TD (lateral direction): approximately 3.9 GPa. return to FAQ list
What is the expiration period?
The expiration date is printed on the label of the product packaging. The quality of Prescale products is not guaranteed after the expiration date.
Ensure to use them before they expire. They are typically stored in the factory with a normal air conditioning system, but temperatures can range from 15 °C to
30 °C. The recommended storage environment is between 20 °C and 35 °C, with a relative humidity of 50%. In general, expired Prescale products tend to produce
low-density colors (lower sensitivity), so they are no longer comparable to the chart provided with the product. However, as long as color is produced, it may
still be used for relative comparison within the same surface. return to FAQ list
Are there any precautions regarding storage?
Store the product in environments not exposed to direct sunlight, in cool and dark places (below 15 °C). For details, refer to the storage precautions on the back of the instruction sheet included with the product. return to FAQ list
Is it possible to convert measurement results into numerical format?
They can be converted using the dedicated FPD-8010E pressure distribution mapping system. return to FAQ list
Is it possible to request analysis services with the pressure distribution mapping system?
Fuji Film is not directly available for analysis activities. Some distributors that sell Fuji Film products offer similar services, but Fuji Film cannot endorse the companies that provide these services. return to FAQ list
FAQ Prescale Film: troubleshooting
The color produced is more (or less) dense than estimated. Did I do something wrong?
It is possible that reference is being made to a curve on the standard graph with a temperature and humidity range different from the environment
where the measurement was taken. If the temperature and humidity are higher than expected, the density of color produced will also tend to be higher than
anticipated. It may also depend on the fact that if the surface area of the standard measurement area is small, there could be some inconsistency, as Prescale can
take measurements (produce colors) over a wide range. return to FAQ list
The single-sheet product packaging also contains a transparent film. What is it for?
It is a protective film used when there is a possibility that dust or oil may come into contact with the chemically coated surface of Prescale, or when it is desired to
prevent the chemical from transferring to the measured object. If necessary, place this protective film on the chemically coated surface when using the product. return to FAQ list
I lost film A (or C).
The products are shipped after confirming the accuracy with films A and C as a set. If the combination is changed, the measurement results may vary, so a new product needs to be purchased.
Unfortunately, the user manual contains the table with color samples, and we do not sell it separately. You will need to purchase a new Prescale product. Please contact Spare.
Is it possible to issue a RoHS compliance certificate?
It is possible to issue the RoHS certificate of non-use of restricted substances for the 10 substances typically considered among the restrictions. It usually takes about 1-2 weeks for issuance. Submit the request by contacting an authorized distributor. return to FAQ list
Is it possible to bring this product to China?
For those who plan to bring the product to China, the product falls under the provisions of the Environmental Administration of New Chemicals(*),
so you can purchase the product on site, once you are in the country. (*) This is a chemical inspection law in China that requires substances that are not included in the existing list of chemical substances compiled by the authorities to submit a registration request to the authorities.
Chinese authorities, such as new chemical substances. return to FAQ list
Is it possible to bring this product to Korea?
For those who plan to bring the product to Korea, the product falls under the Chemical Substances Registration and Evaluation Act
(K-REACH) (*) for which you can purchase the product on site once you are in the country. (*) As for substances that are not registered in the existing list of substances compiled by the Korean Ministry of Environment, it is
necessary to submit a registration request to the National Institute of Environmental Research to have them registered as new chemical substances,
regardless of the quantity imported.
You are here: resources · faq prescale film Description: Prescale Film FAQ - Answers to the most common questions about Prescale film.
FAQ Fuji Prescale Film
Fuji Film Prescale Film: FAQ - answers to the most common questions...
Prescale Film: FAQ - answers to the most common questions...
Here are the answers to the most commonly asked questions about Prescale film. They are summarized below and can be accessed individually by clicking on each of them:
how to calculate pression
Online calculator in MPa, provided by Fuji Film.
pre-purchase questionsI would like to know more about the features of the Prescale.
Prescale responds to the applied pressure and produces a red color in the area where it is applied. The depth of the color depends on the amount of pressure applied. The area where pressure is applied produces a red color that allows for easy and visual confirmation of the range and strength of the applied pressure. Prescale comes in the form of a thin film. A single sheet (single sheet) or a double sheet (two sheets) is used. It can be easily cut with scissors, allowing for the measurement of flat surfaces of any shape.
return to FAQ list
I would like to know more about the types and forms of Prescale.
There are different Prescale fields classified based on the range of applied pressure being measured. There are two types: the double-sheet type and the single-sheet type. Additionally, the product is supplied in rolls or sheets. For the sheet type, we have Prescale sheets, with “PS” added at the end (e.g., LLLWPS). There are no Prescale sheet packs available for the fields 5LW, 4LW, or MW.
return to FAQ list
What is the thickness of the films?
Prescale 4LW - 95 μm ±10 (film A); 85 μm ±15 (film C);
return to FAQ list
Prescale LLLW - 95 μm ±10 (film A); 90 μm ±15 (film C);
Prescale LLW - 95 μm ±10 (film A); 90 μm ±15 (film C);
Prescale LW - 95 μm ±10 (film A); 90 μm ±15 (film C);
Prescale MW - 85 μm ±10 (film A); 90 μm ±15 (film C);
Prescale MS - 105 μm ±10 (total thickness of the single film);
Prescale HS - 105 μm ±10 (total thickness of the single film);
Prescale HHS - 115 μm ±10 (total thickness of the single film);
Is it possible to order custom sizes?
Fuji Film does not provide custom sizes.
return to FAQ list
Should precautions be taken when using the products?
Since the films are coated with chemicals, they will not work if they come into contact with solvents such as water or alcohol. Prescale is designed to apply pressure directly from above, so it will not work with other methods, such as rubbing the film along the surface you want to measure.
return to FAQ list
Can the sheets be used repeatedly?
They cannot be used repeatedly. Additionally, the color density may gradually fade, so keep this in mind if you intend to store the sheets for extended periods as color samples.
return to FAQ list
I want a selected product suitable for my purposes.
Fuji Film does not provide advisory services regarding which product is appropriate for user use. However, Fuji Film is able to offer product samples that are approximately the size of business cards. Please contact your local authorized distributor and request a sample.
return to FAQ list
Is it possible to try a sample product before purchasing?
We provide product samples that are approximately the size of business cards. Please contact your local authorized distributor and request a sample.
return to FAQ list
Is it possible to test the pressure distribution mapping system before purchasing?
A full trial version of all functions of the pressure distribution mapping system can be obtained from the product website or by contacting your local authorized distributor.
return to FAQ list
I would like to have some application examples.
See Prescale Film Application Notes.
return to FAQ list
Where can I buy the products?
The products are sold by distributors that handle items such as machine tools, chemical products, and measuring instruments. Prices are set at the discretion of the distributor, so please contact the distributor for specific costs. Spare is an authorized distributor.
return to FAQ list
What product formats are available?
All Prescale films are available in roll form, some Prescale fields are also available in sheet packaging (5 sheets).
return to FAQ list
FAQ Prescale Film: answers to questions about the use of Prescale
I would like to know the usage procedure.
Use scissors to cut out a size that corresponds to the shape of the component you wish to measure. For the double-sheet type, films A and C must be positioned with the shiny side facing outward and the chemically coated side facing inward. There are no specific requirements for the positioning of films A and C in relation to the pressure application surface, but they must be in the same position during measurement. If necessary, for the single-sheet type, use the included 'transparent protective film' on the side with the chemical coating. Apply pressure.
return to FAQ list
Which should be placed on top: film A or C? Can I reverse the order?
Decide the insertion direction of the films considering reproducibility and use them accordingly
return to FAQ list
Can the sheets be reused?
Sheets in which color has already formed cannot return to their original state. However, you can use other sections where the color has not yet formed.
return to FAQ list
Can I change the combination of film A and C?
The products are shipped after confirming accuracy with films A and C as a set. Even if they are the same type of product, changing the combination of films A and C can also alter the measurement results. Use the films packaged together.
return to FAQ list
Is it safe to touch the product with bare hands?
The products do not contain substances harmful to the human body. The safety of the chemicals used has been confirmed.
return to FAQ list
What are the recommended temperature and humidity for the measurement environment?
Refer to the section on recommended operating temperature and humidity in the user manual. Conditions vary depending on the product. If the products are used in an environment outside the recommended temperature and humidity, the measurement of absolute pressure values will be less accurate, so they should only be used to confirm pressure balancing. Additionally, color density is higher when used in high-temperature environments. We were able to use them for 5 seconds in an environment with a temperature of 180 °C. Color density is lower when used in low-temperature environments. There should be no issues up to 0 °C, but we do not have data on environments with temperatures below 0 °C.
return to FAQ list
Can the products be used in water or oil?
Prescale is coated with chemicals that produce color when pressure is applied. If it comes into direct contact with water or oil, accurate measurements cannot be made. There have been examples of using the product in water or oil by using a container, such as a plastic bag, to completely seal it, ensuring that the chemically coated side faces outward so that it does not come into contact with the water or oil.
return to FAQ list
Should precautions be taken when taking measurements in high temperature conditions?
Measurements can be taken under high-temperature conditions if performed for a short time (a few seconds), protecting Prescale with a shield such as a heat-resistant film (e.g., Kapton film). It is also possible to use Prescale if the pressure is applied in a sufficiently short period so that the high temperature does not reach Prescale. However, consider that some pressure will be absorbed by the heat-resistant film.
return to FAQ list
Can measurements be carried out in vacuum?
If the measured object and Prescale are in direct contact and pressure is applied, measurement can be performed (color formation).
return to FAQ list
Can it be used in water?
Since the film is coated with chemicals, it cannot be used for measurement if it comes into contact with solvents such as water or alcohol. Some customers have taken waterproofing measures such as laminating or sealing it in a Ziploc bag for measurement.
return to FAQ list
Can the test pressure be applied at an angle of inclination?
Prescale is designed to apply pressure to the film directly from above. Pressure applied diagonally or rubbed from various positions does not yield accurate results. For the same reason, this product is not suitable for measuring friction.
return to FAQ list
How should I measure the spray pressure, for example from a spray can?
To measure spray pressure, place the product in a container such as a plastic bag. It is also possible to confirm the pressure distribution by placing a protective sheet over the product. However, consider the pressure absorbed by the protective sheet.
return to FAQ list
I'm trying to take a measurement on a curved surface.
Since this product is a film, it is difficult to use it on curved surfaces. Some customers have taken measurements on curved surfaces by cutting the product into long strips or elliptical shapes and attaching them to the surfaces.
return to FAQ list
How do I select the curve to reference (A, B or C) on the standard graph?
Refer to the curve with the same name as the area (A, B, etc.) contained in the temperature and humidity condition table section, which is within the limits of the temperature and humidity level at the time and location where the measurement was taken.
return to FAQ list
How long does it take for the color to form?
In an environment with a temperature of 23 °C, it takes about 10 minutes to form 95% of the color following the application of pressure (after the color starts to form). It takes an additional 30 minutes to an hour to reach 98%-100% color formation; thereafter, it falls into the measurement error margin. After that, the color gradually fades. In addition to always using the same amount of time after applying pressure to take accurate measurements, it is also necessary to maintain a fixed set of measurement conditions.
return to FAQ list
What is the smallest surface area that can be measured?
Prescale uses microcapsules of various sizes distributed on the surface to respond to applied pressure by producing colors of varying density. The combination of capsule sizes varies depending on the product type, so Fuji Film is unable to provide a single answer. For example, the dedicated analysis system FPD-8010E can analyze a minimum surface area of 0.125 mm².
return to FAQ list
I would like to know the accuracy of the measured pressure (color formation).
In fixed conditions of 23 °C and 65% relative humidity, the accuracy is ±10%. Note that this value is based on the color density, so the actual pressure value may have a slightly larger margin.
return to FAQ list
How long must pressure be applied to take a measurement?
Color forms even if pressure is applied for about 1 millisecond. Regarding the maximum pressure application time, there is no limit, as long as the pressure is not applied intermittently in repeated instances. However, note that the shorter the pressure application time, the lighter the color density will be, and the longer the pressure is applied, the higher the color density will be.
return to FAQ list
I would like to know the conversion formulas for pressure units.
1 MPa ≈ 10,2 kgf/cm²;
return to FAQ list
1 bar = 0,1 MPa;
1 kgf = 9,80665 N;
1 N = 1 kgfm/s².
What is Young's modulus?
MD (longitudinal direction): about 3.5 GPa;
return to FAQ list
TD (lateral direction): approximately 3.9 GPa.
What is the expiration period?
The expiration date is printed on the label of the product packaging. The quality of Prescale products is not guaranteed after the expiration date. Ensure to use them before they expire. They are typically stored in the factory with a normal air conditioning system, but temperatures can range from 15 °C to 30 °C. The recommended storage environment is between 20 °C and 35 °C, with a relative humidity of 50%. In general, expired Prescale products tend to produce low-density colors (lower sensitivity), so they are no longer comparable to the chart provided with the product. However, as long as color is produced, it may still be used for relative comparison within the same surface.
return to FAQ list
Are there any precautions regarding storage?
Store the product in environments not exposed to direct sunlight, in cool and dark places (below 15 °C). For details, refer to the storage precautions on the back of the instruction sheet included with the product.
return to FAQ list
Is it possible to convert measurement results into numerical format?
They can be converted using the dedicated FPD-8010E pressure distribution mapping system.
return to FAQ list
Is it possible to request analysis services with the pressure distribution mapping system?
Fuji Film is not directly available for analysis activities. Some distributors that sell Fuji Film products offer similar services, but Fuji Film cannot endorse the companies that provide these services.
return to FAQ list
FAQ Prescale Film: troubleshooting
The color produced is more (or less) dense than estimated. Did I do something wrong?
It is possible that reference is being made to a curve on the standard graph with a temperature and humidity range different from the environment where the measurement was taken. If the temperature and humidity are higher than expected, the density of color produced will also tend to be higher than anticipated. It may also depend on the fact that if the surface area of the standard measurement area is small, there could be some inconsistency, as Prescale can take measurements (produce colors) over a wide range.
return to FAQ list
The single-sheet product packaging also contains a transparent film. What is it for?
It is a protective film used when there is a possibility that dust or oil may come into contact with the chemically coated surface of Prescale, or when it is desired to prevent the chemical from transferring to the measured object. If necessary, place this protective film on the chemically coated surface when using the product.
return to FAQ list
I lost film A (or C).
The products are shipped after confirming the accuracy with films A and C as a set. If the combination is changed, the measurement results may vary, so a new product needs to be purchased.
return to FAQ list
I lost the user manual.
Unfortunately, the user manual contains the table with color samples, and we do not sell it separately. You will need to purchase a new Prescale product. Please contact Spare.
return to FAQ list
FAQ Prescale Film: other questions...
Is it possible to issue a RoHS compliance certificate?
It is possible to issue the RoHS certificate of non-use of restricted substances for the 10 substances typically considered among the restrictions. It usually takes about 1-2 weeks for issuance. Submit the request by contacting an authorized distributor.
return to FAQ list
Is it possible to bring this product to China?
For those who plan to bring the product to China, the product falls under the provisions of the Environmental Administration of New Chemicals(*), so you can purchase the product on site, once you are in the country.
return to FAQ list
(*) This is a chemical inspection law in China that requires substances that are not included in the existing list of chemical substances compiled by the authorities to submit a registration request to the authorities. Chinese authorities, such as new chemical substances.
Is it possible to bring this product to Korea?
For those who plan to bring the product to Korea, the product falls under the Chemical Substances Registration and Evaluation Act (K-REACH) (*) for which you can purchase the product on site once you are in the country.
return to FAQ list
(*) As for substances that are not registered in the existing list of substances compiled by the Korean Ministry of Environment, it is necessary to submit a registration request to the National Institute of Environmental Research to have them registered as new chemical substances, regardless of the quantity imported.
Will X-ray inspection for airport security checks affect the product in any way?
X-rays do not affect the product in any way.
return to FAQ list
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In preparing this document, the utmost care has been taken to ensure that the content accurately reflects the characteristics of the described product. However, despite these efforts, Spare sas cannot be held responsible or liable for any inaccuracies. Furthermore, in the context of ongoing product development and improvement, please note that the information provided may not be up-to-date with the latest version, as manufacturers reserve the right to withdraw or modify their product documentation at any time without notice. Consequently, it is advised to verify the accuracy and currency of the information at the time of purchase.